Writing Successful Introductory Paragraphs Essays - Writing

Writing Successful Introductory Paragraphs In the most abstract sense, the function of an introductory paragraph is to move the reader from the world of daily life into the textual and analytical space of an essay. In a more concrete sense, an introduction performs three essential functions: 1) it clearly and specifically states the topic or question that you will address in your essay; 2) it motivates topic or question that the essay will examine; and 3) it states, clearly and directly, your position on this topic or question (i.e. your thesis). Conceptual Components Persona - While reading your introduction, your reader will begin to make assumptions about you as an author. Be sure to project yourself as a thoughtful, knowledgeable, and nonbiased writer capable of dealing effectively with the complexities and nuances of your topic. Your introduction should set the tone that will remain consistent throughout your essay. In addition to emphasizing the uniqueness of your approach to your subject matter, you should seek to draw your reader into your essay with the gracefulness of your prose and the rational demeanor you project as a writer. Contextualization - In addition to stating the topic and scope of your analysis, your introduction should provide your readers with any background or context necessary to understand how your argument fits into the larger discourse on the subject. The details you use to orient your reader with your topic should be woven throughout the structural components of your introduction listed below. Structural Components Opener - In addition to grabbing the reader's attention, the opening sentence of an essay sets up the structure of the introductory paragraph. You want to create movement among your ideas, which is best done by moving either from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular. Essays which move from the particular to the general often begin with an anecdote, quotation, fact, or detail from the text that can be used to introduce readers to the larger issues the essay will address. Introductions that move from the general to the particular-typically referred to as the funnel structure-often begin with a wider view of the topic that will be used to establish a context for the more localized argument that the author will present. Topic or Purpose - The introductory paragraph must leave the reader with a clear understanding of the specific subject area that your essay will investigate. Defining your essay's scope in this way often requires distinguishing your specific focus from the larger discourse on your topic. Though this is not always essential, many essays include a purpose statement that tells the reader directly: "this paper examines..." or "the aim of this essay is to..." Motive - The motive is a specific sentence, usually near the middle of your introduction, that clarifies for the reader why your thesis is interesting, non-obvious, and/or contestable. In essence, your motive answers the question "so what?" that a reader might ask of your thesis. Because they show that the truth about a subject is not as clear as it might seem, motive statements often employ terms of reversal-"yet," "but," "however," &c.-that reflect a departure from the obvious. Thesis Statement - The thesis statement is the central claim your essay will make about your chosen topic. Since the topic area must first be described and motivated, the thesis statement is usually placed near the end of the introduction. Roadmap - Though this is often unnecessary in shorter papers, essays that are long (7+ pages) or especially complex are often easier for the reader to understand if the author offers some preview of the essay's structure at the beginning of the paper. In especially long essays (20+ pages), this outline of the essay's structure may demand a paragraph of its own (usually the second paragraph).

Stories of Scotboro essays

Stories of Scotboro essays Stories of Scottsboro. By James E. Goodman. (New York: Vintage Books. c.1994. pp. 274. $16.00) Currently in the United States of America, there is a wave a patriotism sweeping across this great land: a feeling of pride in being an American and in being able to call this nation home. The United States is the land of the free and the home of the brave; however, for the African-American citizens of the United States, from the inception of this country to midway through the twentieth century, there was no such thing as freedom, especially in the Deep South. Nowhere is that more evident than in Stories of Scottsboro, an account of the Scottsboro trials of 1931-1937, where nine African-American teenage boys were falsely accused of raping two white girls in Scottsboro, Alabama and no matter how much proof was brought forth proving there innocence, they were always guilty. This was a period of racism and bigotry in our country that is deeply and vividly portrayed though different points of view through author James E. Goodman. On March 25, 1931 nine African American youths were falsely accused and wrongfully imprisoned for the rape of two white girls. Over the next six consecutive years, trials were held to attempt to prove the innocence of these nine young men. The court battles ranged from the U.S Supreme court to the Scottsboro county court with almost every decision the same-guilty. Finally, with the proceedings draining Alabama financially and politically, four of the boys had the charges against them dropped with one boy plea-bargaining and the other four having to serve out their sentences given to them already by the court. Only one of the nine innocent Scottsboro boys was ever pardoned. Over time, the Scottsboro boys grew from boys to men and with the progression of their age so to do the attitudes of this country toward racism. Granted, there are still bigots and racist in the United States and in the south especiall...

Going Green at an Oil Company () Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Going Green at an Oil Company () - Case Study Example Six months later, an even bigger leak occurred at a refinery within the vicinity of Curitiba – a million gallons of oil flowed into two rivers. Once more, the company was criticized for using outdated technology to detect leaks and for inadequate staffing and lacking emergency plans. The Curitiba accident elicited the worst negative publicity in the history of the company and led to a fine of $115 million being imposed on Petrobras. Just when the company thought that the worst was over, an even worse accident came in March 2001 when the company’s P-36 oil drill sank. Valued at $350 million, the facility was the world’s largest floating production facility. The accident killed 11 of the Petrobras’ employees and leaked over 300, 000 gallons of oil. The three major and several other accidents had far-reaching implications for the company – employees were demoralized, the image of the company was damaged and investor relations suffered (Barros de Cerqueira Pae, 2012). In addition, the hefty fines imposed on the company ate into its profits. Something drastic had to be done. The then CEO of Petrobras responded to the disasters by creating the new position of Director of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) and introduced the Program for Excellence in Environmental and Operational Safety Management (PEGASO). These two interventions created a springboard from which Gabrielli dived into the business transforming Petrobras into a green oil company when he became the company’s CEO in 2005. In order to turn around Petrobras, Gabrielli adopted a three-point strategy on the environment (Gabrielli de Azevedo, 2009). First, he embarked on improving internal operations. At the heart of Petrobras’ internal strategy is the company’s HSE program. The program is a massive one – between 2009 and 2012, the company committed $2.5 billion in the program. The program is based

Globalization and International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization and International Relations - Essay Example As a result of globalization, nations could improve their political as well technological relations globally. This paper will analyze globalization and its impacts on international relations. The concept of global economy came into existence with the emergence of globalization. This process notably assisted different segments of the international market. Globalization has significantly contributed to the creation of a global market and a global system of production. Capital marketers also enjoy the benefits of globalization as it has contributed to the integration of financial systems. This concept aided financial organizations like International Monetary Fund to disseminate â€Å"a particular view of the state’s role within the international economy† (Robinson, 2006). In addition, globalization enhanced the development of telecommunications media which in turn fastened the spread of global mass culture. And the key production factors such as capital and labor became globally mobile. Globalization eliminated international trade barriers and thus promoted international relations once this concept weakened the ability of nations to control transnational operations and economic activities. Companies transplanted their production facilities to other countries where costs are comparatively lower. Before the emergence of globalization, developing and underdeveloped countries had little access to developed markets and improved technology. However, since globalization, the global economic environment has undergone tremendous changes. According to Devetak and Hughes (2008, p. 34), globalization connects nations through a global network, and it assists a nation to get access to foreign markets and customers. Since the nations got ranges of benefits from globalization, governments adopted a liberal approach towards international trade.

Starbucks CO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Starbucks CO - Essay Example It is almost impossible for any business not to become involved in some kind of community affairs. Some of this involvement is primarily charitable, while other community affairs with which business becomes involved pays a direct return to the company. It is difficult to separate one from the other because in most instances both community and business reap positive rewards from any business participation in community affairs. Starbucks pays a special attention to stakeholder responsibility and environmental policies. Pollution is, unfortunately in most cases, a by-product of everyday living. The operation of a "free market" system may fail to serve the best interests of society because of the inability of the market to adjust itself independently and adequately to certain kinds of side effects such as pollution. Also, the buyers and sellers in the marketplace often lack the quantity and quality of information necessary to undertake effectively and efficiently the proper transactions to optimize the side effects for the best interests of both parties involved. Under a free market economy, private industry, local governments, and county, state, and federal governments can, and do, sometimes relieve themselves of certain costs associated with disposal of waste materials by using the atmosphere, oceans, lakes, rivers, and landfills, as free waste receptacles. If it is to the economic advantage of the particu lar emitter to do so, it will normally take advantage of this free resource. The general theory behind much of it is that by business participating in community affairs it makes the community a better place in which to live. By making the community a better place to live, it helps improve the community for all those who live there and as an inducement for hiring new employees from distant communities, possibly needed experts from

Location Analysis of Manufacturing Industries

Location Analysis of Manufacturing Industries LOCATOINAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACCESSIBILITY AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES A CASE STUDY OF ASABA Atubi, A. O. ABSTRACT Accessibility is a factor though not the determinant in defining a process of spatial organization of man c functional establishment. A case study relating road network with the pattern of manufacturing industries for selected areas in Asaba, 2003 reveals a weak relationship between accessibility and manufacturing industries. Graph theory approach was used to derive two types of accessibility measures. The first from connectivity matrix accessibility and the second from using valued graph. Simple correlation coefficients revealed weak correlation of 0.09 between accessibility and industries. Again a weak correlation coefficient of -0.05 was found between population potential and umber of industries. This weak relationship however, improved when multiple linear correlation analysis was applied and a fairly high result of 0.40 was achieved. Although high correlation values were got in the multiple linear correlation analysis, the weak values from simple correlation analysis indicates t hat aside from being a good surrogate of transport efficiency, accessibility is also a poor measure of the relative advantage of a given place in attracting to itself the centralization and specialization of human activities in Asaba, Delta State. Based on the findings, recommendations were proffered as this will bring about changes in the urban pattern leading to increase in the number of industries in a process of spatial re-organization. Keywords:Locational Analysis; Accessibility; Distribution; Manufacturing; Industries. INTRODUCTION Accessibility is an important geographical concept associated with relative location. Accessibility is not simply distance but involves time cost and effort used in travelling. Accessibility has been defined as the relative degree of ease with which a location is reached from other locations of ones home relative to other features of the wider physical environment is very important. The organization of every region is reflected in the transportation network (Atubi and Onokala, 2004a; Atubi and Onokala, 2004b). This there is a clear relationship between transportation and economic activities. Such economic activities like the location of industries have been the concern of scholars’ in recent times. It has even been more crucial in developing countries such as Nigeria where much is expected from these industries to augment the low output from agriculture. This concern is justified because the crucial choice of a suitable location may spell the differences between successes and failure (Hover, 1948). In recognition of this fact the process of localization of industries generally reflect a tendency to optimize place utility and maximize profit. However, real life experience has shown that this is not always the case. The interesting thing about industrial distribution is that industries tend to be concentrated in few urban centers. The concentration may be explained in terms of their possessing much of the market, raw materials, the best transport links and considerable labour force Nwafor, 1982, Atubi and Ugbomch, 2002). Usually, industrializations have well connected road network. In Nigeria for instance, over 95% of industrial establishments are found in urban centers which are also related to the countries rail and road system (Onyemelukwe, 1978). It has been observed that the distribution of manufacturing industries in all urban centers in Nigeria is uneven, despite the Federal Government policy of industrialization â€Å"promotion of nation wide indu strial development through industrial dispersal† (Industrial Policy of Nigeria, 1988). The relationship between transportation and regional development has engaged the attention of geographers over the years. The area at has attracted considerable attention is the use of graph theory. Graph theoretic measures have been used to determine the structural and geometrical properties of highway, rail and air networks. Also the relationship between network geometry and regional characteristics have been explored (Kansky, 1963, Kanaa, 1965) and a number of works have focused upon the problem of deriving effective measures of connectivity for urban nodes on the system (Garrison and Marble, 1964; Monanu and Hodgson, 1976; Atubi and Onokala, 2004a and b). On the other hand, Bardi, applying indices of accessibility in urban e:ers of former Bendel State of Nigeria finds that population concentration is not necessarily related to accessibility (Bardi, 1982). Contrary to this view, Gautheir accepted that a changing pattern of accessibility means change in incidence of growth of a center (Guatheir, 1970). Also Atubi and Onokala (2004a), in tracing the changing accessibility patterns of cnter in Lagos Island from 1976-1997 noted that a center gets more accessibility as the road network gets more connected. Locational theorists of classic time, in isolating the influence of transportation location choice, neither though of cost as not connected with money nor used graph theoretic approach in their study. In Nigeria, vast amount of researches have also been carried out on industrial location by various scholars. Vagale historically related traffic flow and transportation to industrialization in Nigeria (Vagale, 1971). Also, Onyemelukwe in his study of structural and locational characteristics of manufacturing industries in Nigeria analyzed the impact of transport on urbanization and industrialization (Onyemelukwe, 1978). Taffee et al, (1963) clearly implied the effect of t ransportation on industrial development using Ghana and Nigeria for illustration in their idealized process of transport development, they noted that transport development at a stage will lead to increased specialization and an expansion of market area of urban centers. Onokerhoraye (1981) also, examined the importance of transportation network in improving the accessibility of people living in various parts of Nigeria to essential public facilities/services like education, health services etc. He argued that since a lare proportion of the population of Nigeria are in rural areas (70%) thereby making it impossible for the attainment of the threshold required to support certain public facilities. There is therefore the need to improve the transportation network between where they are located with improved transport facilities, the accessibility of most people living in the rural areas of the country to the available public services will be increased while the proportion of those depr ived of the use of such facilities will be considerably reduced. However, Olagbaiye using population potential model analyzed manufacturing location in southern Nigeria, he observed Asaba Onitsha which were the highest peaks of population potential support one of tenants of location theory that a central location theory that a central location in a region maximizes accessibility to the market in that region (Olagbaiye, 1968). In delimiting the nodes to be considered, he used one or more of the following considerations political or administrative status, centrality of location, population size and commercial importance. STUDY AREA Asaba is a town situated in the Guinea savannah belt of Nigeria and is located on longitude 6o45E and latitude 6o3’N. It is situated along the bank of River Niger, and is the Headquarters of Oshimili South Local Government area (see fig. 1) of Delta State. Asaba is passed through by the federal highway, which, at the Niger is linked by a bridge with Onitsha in Anambra State. The town, Asaba which is the seat of government, has been in existence long before it was made the Headquarter of Delta State. it is a commercialized and industrialized town, and it shares common boundary with Okpanam and Ugobu in the North, Oko and Ibusa in the west, while the Niger washes the eastern and south eastern fringes of the town. The population of Asaba has rapidly increased since the creation of Delta State when it was made the headquarters and since then the rate of industrialization and urbanization is fast increasing. According to the federal office of statistics, the present population is e stimated to be about 81,768 people. MATERIALS AND METHOD OF ANALYSIS The accessibility indices from centers considered was derived from two methods. The first involved matrix multiplication of the connectivity matrix. The second involved the matrix multiplication of the distance matrix. Gamma and alpha indices was also used. The formula are written in the following form. Where e is Number is edges v is number of vertices The relationship between accessibility indices of manufacturing industries and the number of good roads and value of market potential is established by the Spearman’s rank correlation co-efficient. This is issued to test if the variation in one independent variable affects the variation in the second dependent variable. Also the multiple correlation is used to determine the degree of the relationship between all the variables. This is expressed by Where R = Multiple correlation 1.23 = Correlation between variables 1, 2 and 3 r= variable correlation r12= Correlation between I and 2 r13= 1 and3 r23 = 2and3 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS/FINDINGS For convenience the accessibility’ indices gotten from the connectivity matrix (Accessibility Matrix T) will be called Accessibility I while the shortest distance matrix will be called accessibility 2. (See Appendix I and 2). The relationship between accessibility and the number of manufacturing industries in the study area is positive because as the values of accessibility’ increases, the number of manufacturing industries increases. Also low correlation figure of 0.40 shows that this relationship is fairly weak. On the contrary, a high correlation of 0.70 was obtained at 95% confidence level between accessibility and wholesale activity’ in the United States (Janelle, 1969). The lower correlations gotten in the present work is a clear indication of the influence of deliberate planning and government intervention regardless of the effect of transport and other economic forces, in the location of manufacturing industries. Nigeria, in her development planning effor t is embracing industrialization as the main panacea for her development. Such hopes are based on the growth centre strategy, where certain centers get more attraction i.e. Nnebisi road with eight industries as observed in Appendix 3, while areas that arc not centrally located are ignored i.e. Isieke and Old Nit road. Also, since these areas are among old regional centers, the reasons for the absence of manufacturing industries might be due to the â€Å"strong tendency towards agglomeration† of the manufacturing industries of the old regional centers (Mabogunje, 1969). The possibility’ that industries would survive in small and young areas like old Nit road is low and industrialists hesitate sitting industries in such areas. The result is that existing industrial areas like Nnebisi road and Benin-Asaba express way provide a greater attraction to new industries as against a brand new location. A large part of this attraction is related to certain savings due to agglomer ation. â€Å"Thus a center with an early start in some industry has therefore a competitive advantage that it may maintain an increase even though the early start was due to poor chance (Hover, 1948).The fairly strong correlation figure of 0.40 goes a long way to show that there are other factors that tend to down play the influence of transportation location decisions i.e. political consideration. The figure can also he interpreted as an increase in the accessibility of any mode accounts for an average increase in the number of industries in Asaba. In other words, the distribution pattern of industries in Asaba is explained by an average measure, of the relative position of that center to the network system. The size of the population and therefore market within an area is closely related to the threshold level at which production might be expected. Thus the minimum size of the market is often a precondition for the development of an industry in a region. The relationship between distribution of manufacturing industries and population potential (market potential) in Asaba is extremely weak. The percentage variation is 99% and goes to show that 1% of manufacturing industies in Asaba can be explained by other factors. It seems reasonable to assume that manufacturing industries would fare best if they were located at those places which are most accessible to their customers. If this is to be so then places offering high degree of locational utility relative to other places should be dominant wholesale centers (Jarielle, 1969). The correlation coefficient of accessibility’ 1 and market potentials is 0.09. This means that an increase in accessibility’ leads to a very small increase in the market potential. On the contrary, similar work done in the United States have obtained a high correlation figure of 0.81 (Janeile, 1969). This high correlation in contrast to 0.09 in Asaba is understandable. This is because, Janelle used both locational utility wh ich include both accessibility and other locational factors that a site may enjoy. Also this study was done at a point in time i.e. 2003, while Janelle’s study was for a period of time. But the findings lend cautious support to the notion that, at least for manufacturing activity’, increase in accessibility is a useful surrogate for estimating specialization possible at a place. However, a multiple correlation coefficient was calculated with accessibility’ and population as the two independent variables and number of industries as dependent on the two variables (R1 .23) .A fairly’ high positive correlation of 0.40 was obtained. This means that an increase in the two dependent variables leads to an increase in the market potential. POLICY IMPLICATION For practical relevance, the state government at Asaba should direct their efforts towards the construction of good roads as this will bring about changes in the urban pattern, leading to increase in the number of industries in a process of spatial re-organization. Also, the government should direct their effort towards the optimum location of industries as well as promote and encourage industrial dispersal among various centers in Asaba. CONCLUSION Although, accessibility is related to the distribution of manufacturing industries in an urban center, it is not totally explained by the availability or lack of transport facilities (roads). in other words, transport plays a very negligible role in the distribution pattern of industries. Also, the weak relationship between accessibility and distribution of industries is due to the fact that some centers have locational advantages that far out-weight the importance of accessibility. Finally, the locational pattern of pre-Asaba has not changed significantly in sympathy with the accessibility trend, thus the importance of centers offering the greatest potential for transport oriented industries has not been fully recognised in Asaba. REFERENCES Atubi. A.O. and Onokala. P.C. (2004a): â€Å"The Accessibility of Centres to the Road Networks: the Case of Lagos Island, Lagos, Nigeria†. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Dynamics. Vol. 2, Pp. 140-151 Atubi. AC. and Onokala, P.C. (2004b): â€Å"The Road Network Characteristics on Traffic Flow on the South Western Nigeria: A Case of Lagos Mainland. Pecop Journal of Environmental Design and Management in the Tropics. Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 39-51. Atubi, A.O. and Ughomeh. B., A. (2002) Small-scale Industries in Warn: A Geographical Appraisal of Types and Factors Governing Location. Journal of the Zaria Geographer. Vol. 15, No. 1 pp. 68-79. Bardi, E.C. (1982) Development of Road Network accessibility of urban centres within Bendel State of Nigeria 1967-1981: A Graph theory Approach. Unpublished B.Sc thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Garrison. W.L. and Marble. D.F. (1964), â€Å"Factor-Analytic study of the connectivity of the Transport Network† Papers of the Regional Science Association. 12, pp. 23 1-9. Gautheir, H.L. (1970) â€Å"Geography of Transportation and Regional Development†. Economic Geographer Vol. 46 Hover, E.M. (1948) The Location of Economic Activity, New York, McGraw Hill. Janelle, D.G. (1969) Spatial reorganization: A Model and Concepts. Annals of Association of American Geographers, Vol. 59, pp., 348-364. Mabogunje, A.L. (1969) Urbanization in Nigeria. London. Monanu, P.C. and Hodgson, M.J. (1976) â€Å"Problems in the Application of Graph Theoretic Measures to Transport Network Growth: A case study of Alberta Highways†. New themes in Western Canadian Geography. The Langara papers. Bc Geographic series. No. 22 occasional papers in Geography. Nwafor, J.C. (1984) Manufacturing and Consumer Goods. In Nigeria jn mans, Barbour K.M. et al (eds) London, fodder and Stoughton. Olagbaiye, J.A. (1968) â€Å"Towards Manufacturing Locational Analysis in Southern Nigeria: A Population Potential Model†. Nigerian Geographical Journal, Vol. II, No. 1 Pp. 11-19. Onokerhjoraye, A.C. (1981) â€Å"The transportation system and the distribution of public services in Nigeria† Transportation in Nigerian National Development, (eds) S.C. Onakomaiya, and N.F. Ekanem,N.1.S.E,R., lbadan, Pp. 196-214. Onyemelukwe, J.O.C. (1978). â€Å"Structural and Locational characteristics of manufacturing† in Oguntoyinbo, J.S. et al (eds) A Geography of Nigerian Development. Heinemann Pubs. Ibadan Pp. 296-310. Taffeec, Moril and Gould (1963). â€Å"Transport expansion in underdeveloped countries; A comperative analysis†. Traffic and Transportation in 1ndustrilizatio of Nigeria† paper presented at a Conference of the Nigerian Institute of town planners, Lagos. FIG. 1: MAP OF DELTA STATE SHOWING STUDY AREA Source: Ministry of Land and Survey, Asaba (2002) APPENDIX I 3 (Destination) S/N Origin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å"f 1 Benin Asaba 0 29 26 42 31 29 31 35 20 35 21 40 35 44 40 45 43 50 47 68 721 2 Igbusa road 29 0 19 34 24 21 24 28 5 6 21 12 6 15 11 16 14 21 18 38 489 3 Illah road 26 19 0 20 5 11 5 11 6 16 13 19 15 19 23 22 27 34 33 51 373 4 Okpanam/Asaba road 42 34 20 0 18 20 24 24 20 35 39 34 43 35 48 27 44 51 50 68 676 5 Ibrahim Kefas crescent 31 24 5 14 0 7 10 14 11 25 33 23 37 24 42 26 45 51 48 68 548 6 Anwai road 29 21 11 18 7 0 17 20 18 31 38 30 42 31 47 33 50 56 53 63 615 7 West end 31 24 5 20 10 17 0 12 11 15 19 13 23 14 28 16 31 37 34 54 414 8 Nnebisi road 35 28 9 24 14 20 12 0 12 11 18 9 22 10 27 12 30 36 33 53 415 9 Old Nit road 20 5 6 20 11 18 11 12 0 1 7 7 11 8 16 10 19 25 22 42 291 10 Isicke 34 6 16 35 25 31 15 11 1 0 8 7 12 8 17 10 20 26 43 43 348 11 Onaje street 31 2 13 39 33 38 19 18 7 8 0 9 4 11 9 13 12 18 15 35 334 12 Ogbe Ilo Street 40 12 19 34 23 30 13 9 7 7 9 0 10 1 15 3 18 24 21 41 336 13 St. Bridges road 35 6 15 43 37 42 23 22 11 12 4 10 0 9 5 12 8 14 11 31 350 14 Onije kings street 44 15 19 35 24 31 14 10 8 8 11 1 9 0 14 4 17 24 21 41 350 15 Ezenei avenue 40 11 23 48 42 47 28 27 16 17 9 15 5 1 0 1 4 10 9 27 378 16 Cable point 45 16 22 37 36 33 16 12 10 10 13 3 12 4 1 0 7 18 10 30 320 17 College of education 43 14 27 44 45 50 31 30 19 20 12 18 8 18 4 7 0 6 3 23 422 18 Osadennis way 50 21 34 51 51 56 37 36 25 26 18 24 14 24 10 13 6 0 6 17 519 19 Osadennis high schl. Road 47 18 33 50 48 53 34 33 22 33 15 21 11 21 17 10 3 6 0 23 478 20 Onitsha Asaba road 68 38 51 68 68 63 54 53 42 43 35 41 31 41 27 30 23 17 23 0 816

Scopes Monkey Trial :: John Scopes

Scopes Monkey Trial Perhaps one of the most famous trials in our history was that of the John Scopes. Scopes was a high school teacher in Dayton, Tennessee and was arrested because he was teaching the theory of evolution in his high school biology class. During the 1920's it was against the law in Tennessee to teach anything other than the theory of creation as written in the Bible. These laws were a result of a strong fundamentalist movements spreading throughout the United States. In 1925 the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) volunteered to defend any teacher willing to challenge these laws concerning the teaching of evolution. John Scopes agreed to their challenge, and after teaching Darwin's theory of evolution Scopes arrest duly followed. The trial began on July 10, 1925. The prosecution consisted of Thomas Stewart, the Attorney General of Tennessee who was assisted by a famous politician and orator Williams Jennings Bryan. The defense team put together by the ACLU consisted of Clarence Darrow, Dudley Field Malone, and Arthur Hayes. Judge John F. Raulston presided over the trial. The Scopes Trial became known as the "Monkey Trial" because most people believed that evolution dealt with the theory that humans descended from monkeys. The whole trial was widely publicized and made the little town of Dayton, Tennessee a booming city. Journalists and photographers poured into the little town and the "monkey trial" became an instant sensation! Most of the coverage focused on the heated debate between Darrow and Bryan on the issue strict interpretation of the Bible. The issue had become more than just what was taught in high school curriculum but became an attack on the whole fundamentalism movement.

Leadership in “Norma Rae” Essay

â€Å"Norma Rae† is a film based on a true story set in a Southern mill-town. The title character and fellow mill workers start a branch of the Textile Workers Union of America through the use of leadership. The two characters of Norma Rae and Reuben Warshofsky combine their talents to empower and lead the people of the mill from downtrodden workers to proactive union members. When Rueben first comes upon the town, he finds the managers of the mill oppressive to their workers. People have no rights. They make small wages. They work long hours. Rueben starts the revolution for the mill workers by inspiring Norma Rae through Superleadership. Norma Rae in turn empowers and motivates the mill workers to attain their common goal: a union. Superleadership occurs when a leader leads others to lead themselves. Superleadership is appropriate for Reuben Warshofsky because it applies well to organizational leaders. Reuben is a representative of the Textile Workers Union of America. He came to Norma Rae’s town to start a union at her mill. For his job to succeed, Reuben needs to be able to start the call for union, and leave the area confident that the cause is in good hands. Superleadership is designed to facilitate the leader within every individual. A leader who exercises Superleadership is not necessarily a â€Å"charismatic† leader. He may have a set vision and great oratory skills, but he does not lead to be followed or obeyed. He leads so that others can lead themselves and better themselves in the process. Superleadership maximizes the human resources of an organization. In the case of â€Å"Norma Rae,† it maximized Norma’s ability to have a voice. In Superleadership, the power is shared. While Reuben started the union movement, he shared a mutual responsibility with Norma Rae once she was up to speed. Followers lead because they want to. They have a stake in what they do. They believe their actions are for a greater cause. A Superleader develops self-leadership through compensation and constructive reprimand. He fosters an environment where people can be free to explore their abilities and gain confidence in what they find. This environment is essential to Superleadership. Only in an open environment can this type of leadership employ the potency and knowledge of the followers. It is the duty of the Superleader to help  develop a group’s skills once power is divided among the followers. Self-leadership can be learned through Superleadership. People are not â€Å"born† to lead. They need not be educated to be motivated or to learn. A Superleader provides a self-leader with direction. He orientates the person with the situation and helps explore the talents and skills necessary to get the job done. Reuben Warshofsky practices Superleadership on Norma Rae. He is a labor organizer looking for aid in a town that is ignorant of unions. The first person he meets is Norma Rae. She is a thirty-one year-old working-class mother of three. She is poorly educated and going nowhere fast. Her two children were by two different men. Only at the beginning of the movie does she brake off her relationship with a married man. Men oppress her in her life. Her bosses at work oppress her. They care not for her mother when she goes deaf. They reject every attempt Norma Rae makes to improve working conditions. She is a woman battered by life, but above it all she reveals an acute understanding of the world. â€Å"You lie with dogs, you get fleas.† She tells this to Reuben on their second meeting shortly after the married man slapped her. Reuben sees this glimmer of life in her and offers her hope when he says, â€Å"I think you’re to smart for what’s happening to you.† Reuben eventually leads Norma to self-leadership. Reuben tells Norma Rae the way things could be at the mill and she is inspired. He explains that the textile industry is the only industry not unionized. Reuben says to people at the first church meeting that things will not change, â€Å"not unless you make it happen.† Reuben encourages the people to join him and share in the goal to unionize the mill. Norma Rae is the only one who accepts the challenge at first. Reuben gives Norma a voice. He teaches her how to fight for a union. She starts by signing a union card. She then wears a union button and hands out others. The woman before was pushed around and uneducated. Now she is typing documents, making copies, and cold-calling her fellow workers; all for the sake of the union. Reuben’s Superleadership extends to things outside of the union. She begins to read Dylan Thomas. She allows blacks and whites to visit her home together. Norma makes her own  decisions. Her priest insults her when he will not allow a bi-racial meeting and without delay, leaves the church. When her new husband is upset with her time-consuming work, she yells back at him, and he respects her for it. Norma Rae no longer allows people to push her around. Her bosses at work continually try to make her quit: they make attempts at character assassination; they work her father literally to death; through it all Norma Rae perseveres. The management posted a sign on the bulletin board to enrage anti-union sentiment. They try to stop her from copying it and she responds, â€Å"I started it, I’m going to finish it!† Norma Rae shows her self-leadership by facing the managers of the mill. She serves a higher purpose that they cannot defeat. She evolved as a person through Reuben’s guidance. When times were tense, he was there to compliment her or to sit her down and chew her out. She was arrested soon after she copied the bulletin board and she was in tears. Reuben explained to her that she had just a taste of what was to come. He prepared her for the battle, and gave her the skills to fight it herself. The path proves to be an uphill battle, yet Norma Rae is able to encourage and motivate her followers at the mill. She bears pressure from management, resentment from mill workers and suspicion from her husband, but she stays true to her goal. She motivated people using situational approaches. She changed certain aspects of the situation in order to fit the needs of the followers. Her means of motivation were great and diverse, but it fit best under the title of the operant approach. The operant approach modifies rewards and punishments based on observable behavior. If someone’s direction, intensity, or persistence needs to be changed, a reward or punishment is delivered. In the case of Norma Rae, if someone aids the union, they can imagine a brighter future. If someone denies unionization of the mill, they will continue to work long hours for subsistence pay. Norma Rae has her own system of rewards and punishments. She knows the workers at her mill. She speaks to them as a fr iend, a friend who knows about them personally. Her reward can be a compliment or a question about a loved one. Through Reuben she developed the ability to influence people by means of flattery. She compels people to volunteer their time for the union movement so that their children can live a better life than they do. Norma knows what  makes people tick and she uses this knowledge to motivate the people to her cause. When her father dies at the mill, he becomes a modern-day martyr to rally around in hopes of a brighter future. The mill workers follow Norma Rae not because she is a saint; they know of her quick temper and sexual history. They follow her because she is passionate about her cause. The more confident Norma becomes in her role, the more she embodies her cause. She does not pretend to be anyone but herself, but she holds the union to higher standards. She is able to command the allegiance of her peers and yet remain equal to them. Her passion is what compels them to follow. In the end she gives them their greatest reward: they become a union. She sacrificed her job–and almost her marriage–to bring her goal to fruition. The union debate came down to a vote, 427 to 373 in favor of a union. This close ballot likely gained the extra needed votes due to Norma’s most memorable moment of self-leadership and motivation. In the climax of the movie, Norma Rae scrawls â€Å"union† onto a board and climbs upon a table. The sign is held above her head for three long minutes. She stands on the table willing to sacrifice everything she has for the sake of the union. She stands on the table holding up a word that is a promise for a better life. On the table, scared but determined, she inspires her co-workers. One by one they turn off their machines. A floor that one moment was a whir of noises and movement is reduced to a deafening silence. Norma demonstrates the power an individual can have to motivate people when they believe so fully in their cause. â€Å"Norma Rae† is a wonderful example of Superleadership and the motivation techniques of a leader. The journey of the mill starts with Reuben Warshofsky and his affect on Norma Rae. She in turn gains self-leadership and is able to use it to motivate her peers to unionize. It is leadership from the bottom up. It is an example of the fortitude of individuals when they are able to channel their power and organize change. It is an example of the change that can be made when backed by the strength of many able followers.

Nursing and the quality care

The work environment in which nurses provide care to patients can determine the quality and safety of patient care. As the largest health care workforce, nurses apply their knowledge, skills, attitude, and experience to care for the various and changing needs of patients. A large part of the demands of patient care is centered on the work of nurses. When care falls short of standards, whether because of resource allocation (e.g., workforce shortages and lack of needed medical equipment) or lack of appropriate policies and standards, nurses shoulder much of the responsibility. This reflects the continued misunderstanding of the greater effects of the numerous, complex health care systems and the work environment factors.Understanding the complexity of the work environment and engaging in strategies to improve its effects is essential to higher-quality, safer care. In this paper I will discuss one strategy geared at improving that many are supporting, nationwide, while looking at the e ffects it has on the professional nursing practice. The work environment in which nurses provide care to patients can determine the quality and safety of patient care. As the largest health care workforce, nurses apply their knowledge, skills, attitude, and experience to care for the various and changing needs of patients. A large part of the demands of patient care is centered on the work of nurses.

Biotin essays

Biotin essays Tiffani May Chemistry Period 2 Biotin is important for healthy hair and skin. 100 mg of biotin may prevent hair loss in some men. Biotin helps to relieve muscle pain. It promotes healthy nerve tissue, bone marrow and sweat glands. It also relieves seborrheic dermatitis in infants. Biotin works with folic acid and vitamin B12 to break down fats, protein, and carbohydrates. Biotin is found in most foods and also manufactured by bacteria in the intestinal tract. Most biotin deficiencies are associated with the consumption of raw egg whites which contain avidin. Avidin binds with biotin to prevent its absorption into the blood. Cooking the egg whites deactivates avidin. Biotin is non-toxic and probably not required in supplement form. Although biotin deficiencies are rare, they can occur when people have malabsorption problems. Some research indicates that male pattern baldness may respond to supplemented biotin, albeit in a very marginal fashion. Biotin is found in cooked egg yolks, salt-water fish, beef and poultry, milk, cheese, soy products and whole grain breads. If athletes are eating raw egg whites, extra biotin must be consumed. Reagent for enzymatic incorporation of biotin into nucleic acids. Biotin-21-dUTP is a dTTP analog with biotin covalently attached to the pyrimidine ring through a 21-atom spacer arm. It can be incorporated by nick translation, mixed primer labeling, 3'-end-labeling, or PCR. Biotin-21-dUTP has a 21-atom spacer arm, the longest spacer available, which reduces steric hindrance in subsequent detection using streptavidin-conjugated enzymes. 100 Â µl is sufficient for 50 nick translation reactions. Biotin-21-dUTP is provided with a complete User Manual (PT1464-1). Biotin-21-dUTP (0.5 mM) 100 Â µl 5021-1 Biotin-21-dUTP (10 mM) 100 Â µl 5021-3 100 Â µl of 0.5 mM solution in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) ...

University bookstore Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

University bookstore - Research Paper Example The university bookstore has been in operations for the past fourteen years, the presence of the book store has been of significance for the university as well as the students due to the fact that it has been providing academic material as well as computer supplier.Due to the fact that the computer supplies are in more sdemand during he intake season usually during the fall season or the proceeding summers. The demand arising due to the usual intake of students as well as the accumulating demand over the previous intake, causes the operations of the bookstore are affected unusually. Arising primarily from the scenario that the orders for he computer comes through out the summers aside from that of that of the sophomores or the newly admitted, the competitive advantage maintained by he book store has been due to the bottom-line prices charged by he sore. Hence, considering the fact that the book sore is charging such low prices, as the profit base and keeping in view that if the store orders to many supplies, the cash reserves become very low, besides that storage concerns have to be accounted for as well. The quantity demanded by the students for the computers also determines the number of employees to be hired for the installation to take place.It would be most appropriate to mention that the forecasting models despite the comparison of relative accuracies remain models to forecast. Hence, their accuracies remain subject to the actual outcome of the event they forecast. As a consequence, whether it is through the means of Linear Equation, Seasonal Indexes or Smoothing Techniques such as Averages, they remain subject to the risk involved from the aspect of actual outcome. University Bookstore Computer Sale Data Table 1: The Sales for University Bookstore Student Computer Purchase Program Year 1 Computer Sold 518 2 651 3 708 4 921 5 775 6 810 7 856 8 792 9 877 10 693 11 841 12 1009 13 902 14 1103 The above data has been provided in the form of a diagram on the next page, since the raw data in itself would prove to be discerning. A graphic representation is a more appropriate alternative to examine the trends in the quantity of the computers sold. The diagram

MBA Management course -'Business in Society' Essay

MBA Management course -'Business in Society' - Essay Example eading corporations of the world are now expanding their sustainability initiatives to focus on accountability and minimize risks by increasing "baseline expectations of investors" and ensuring their strategies are in line with the investment communitys objectives. This would demonstrate corporate commitment towards the investors and shareholders who ultimately will support the companys scalable sustainability endeavors.1 At IKEA, we have always believed in integrating sustainability strategies to support our work environment through materiality and operations-based initiatives. We have been ahead of our competitors in sustainability initiatives. Some of our notable projects during 2006 had been making home furnishing products safe for environmental effects; support for responsible forestry based on set up requirements for wood suppliers; support for sustainable cotton production; and acceptable working conditions. In 2007 we have introduced IWAY (IKEA Way on Purchasing Home Furnishing Products) which encourage consumers to help us achieve sustainability goals. Our current initiatives include working towards reduction of child labor, contribution towards climate impact; and going towards renewable energy by supporting sustainable transport; and working with communities towards sustainability.2 These aspects demonstrate that though, a highly environmentally conscious company, IKEA’s strategies in the past has been focused on material and operations exclusively. For the future, we need to develop more stringent strategies which Tomorrows Value report indicates as, investors perspectives of sustainability. At IKEA, we have only been able to achieve this through dialogues with unions, suppliers, companies and related organizations. So far IKEA has been able to develop a process for sustainability and mechanisms for monitoring it.3 We need to tailor our sustainability strategies to align with tomorrow’s values and sustainability to increase market opportunities.